References
Hazing Prevention is Everyone’s Responsibility.
Books
Crandall, Suzanne E. High School Hazing: A Study of the Autobiographical Memories of Entering First-Year College Students. Des Moines: Drake University, 2003.
Ellsworth, Chad. Building Up Without Tearing Down: How to Cultivate Heroic Leadership in You and Your Organization. Foreword by Hank Nuwer. Aviva Publishing, 2018.
Grenny, Joseph, Kerry Patterson, Ron McMillan, Al Switzler, and Emily Gregory. Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When Stakes Are High. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2021.
Guynn, Kevin Lee. Hazing in High Schools: Causes and Consequences. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa International, 2005.
Jenkins, Cameron W. Academic Hazing in Music Education. 2014.
Jones, Ricky. Black Haze: Violence, Sacrifice, and Manhood in Black Greek-Letter Fraternities. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004.
Leon, Phillip. Bullies and Cowards: The West Point Hazing Scandal, 1898–1901. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999.
Lipkins, Susan. Preventing Hazing: How Parents, Teachers, and Coaches Can Stop the Violence, Harassment, and Humiliation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2006.
Marchell, Timothy C., Norman J. Pollard, R. Brian Crow, and Janet P. Judge. A Coach’s Guide to Hazing Prevention. New Berlin, WI: Booklogix, 2019.
Meriwether, Jason L. Dismantling Hazing in Greek-Letter Organizations: Effective Practices for Prevention, Response, and Campus Engagement. Washington, DC: National Association of Student Personnel Administrators, 2020.
Nuwer, Hank. Broken Pledges: The Deadly Rite of Hazing. Dallas: Longstreet Press, 1990.
Nuwer, Hank, ed. Hazing: Destroying Young Lives. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2018.
Nuwer, Hank, ed. The Hazing Reader. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.
Nuwer, Hank. Wrongs of Passage: Fraternities, Sororities, Hazing, and Binge Drinking. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.
Parks, Gregory S. Paradigm Shift: Rethinking the Persistence of Hazing. Gregory Parks Solutions LLC, 2022.
Scott, Dwayne Joseph. Factors That Contribute to Hazing Practices by Collegiate Black Greek Letter Fraternities during Membership Intake Activities. Jonesboro: Arkansas State University, 2006.
Journal and Law Review Articles
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Acquaviva, Gregory L. “Protecting Students from the Wrongs of Hazing Rites: A Proposal for Strengthening New Jersey’s Anti-Hazing Act.” Quinnipiac Law Review 26 (2008): 305–32.
Anderson, Eric, Mark McCormack, and Harry Lee. “Male Team Sport Hazing Initiations in a Culture of Decreasing Homohysteria.” Journal of Adolescent Research 27, no. 4 (2012): 427–48.
Baier, John L., and Patrick S. Williams. “Fraternity Hazing Revisited: Current Alumni and Active Member Attitudes toward Hazing.” Journal of College Student Personnel 24, no. 4 (1983): 300–305.
Ball, Jamie. “This Will Go Down on Your Permanent Record (But We’ll Never Tell): How the Federal Educational Rights and Privacy Act May Help Colleges and Universities Keep Hazing a Secret.” Southwestern University Law Review 33 (2004): 477–510.
Barfield, K. “Hazing: Provide Definitions and Criminal Penalties.” Georgia State University Law Review 5 (1988): 330–44.
Bendlin, Susan S. “Cocktails on Campus: Are Libations a Liability?” Suffolk University Law Review 48 (2015): 67–102.
Biddix, J. Patrick, Emily Perlow, Hailey Flavin, and Akeya Simeon. “The Contemporary Context and Complex Challenges of Preventing Hazing.” New Directions for Student Services 2024, no. 187 (2024): 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20524.
Biddix, J. Patrick, Jason R. Kilmer, and Rob Turrisi. “Hazing Prevention Insights from Related Research.” New Directions for Student Services 2024, no. 187 (2024): 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20527.
Buchanan, T. E., et al. “Hazing: Collective Stupidity, Insensitivity, and Irresponsibility.” NASPA Journal 20, no. 1 (1982): 56–60.
Burns, Justin M. “Covering Up an Infection with a Bandage: A Call to Action to Address Flaws in Ohio’s Anti-Hazing Legislation.” Akron Law Review 48 (2015): 91–120.
Butler, Allison. “Making the Team: Inside the World of Sport Initiations and Hazing.” Sociology of Sport Journal 22, no. 4 (2005): 516–38.
Cambron-McCabe, Nelda, and Ellen V. Bueschel. “Where Does Tradition End and Hazing Begin? Implications for School District Policy.” West’s Education Law Reporter 196 (2005): 19–32.
Campo, Shelly, Gretchen Poulos, and John W. Sipple. “Prevalence and Profiling: Hazing among College Students and Points of Intervention.” American Journal of Health Behavior 29, no. 2 (2005): 137–49.
Carroll, Michael S., et al. “Case Law Analysis Regarding High School and Collegiate Liability for Hazing.” European Sport Management Quarterly 9, no. 4 (2009): 389–405.
Chamberlin, Brandon W. “Am I My Brother’s Keeper?: Reforming Criminal Hazing Laws Based on Assumption of Care.” Emory Law Journal 63 (2014): 925–72.
Cimino, Aldo. “The Evolution of Hazing: Motivational Mechanisms and the Abuse of Newcomers.” Journal of Cognition and Culture 11, nos. 3–4 (2011): 241–67.
Cimino, Aldo. “Corrigendum to: The Evolution of Hazing.” Journal of Cognition and Culture 12, nos. 1–2 (2012): 161.
Cimino, Aldo. “Defining Hazing: Why Popular Definitions are Misleading and Counterproductive.” Journal of Higher Education Management 32, no. 1 (2017): 135–48. https://aldocimino.com/cimino_2017.pdf.
Cohen, Deborah L. “Clearing Up Hazing: Opponents Push for Stricter Laws.” ABA Journal, October 2012, 14–15.
Cokley, Kevin, et al. “Developing an Instrument to Assess College Students’ Attitudes toward Pledging and Hazing in Greek Letter Organizations.” College Student Journal 35, no. 3 (2001): 451–62.
Conn, Kathleen. “The Intersection of Hazing, Homophobia, and Title IX in High School Sports.” West’s Education Law Reporter 302 (2014): 12–25.
Crockett, Richard B. “Review of Wrongs of Passage: Fraternities, Sororities, Hazing, and Binge Drinking.” Journal of College and University Law 26 (2000): 783–89.
Crow, Brian, Robin J. Ammon, and Dennis R. Phillips. “Anti-Hazing Strategies for Coaches and Administrators.” Strategies 17, no. 4 (2004): 13–18.
Crow, Brian, and Eric W. Macintosh. “Conceptualizing a Meaningful Definition of Hazing in Sport.” European Sport Management Quarterly 9, no. 4 (2009): 433–51.
Crow, R. Brian, and Scott R. Rosner. “Institutional and Organizational Liability for Hazing in Intercollegiate and Professional Team Sports.” St. John’s Law Review 76 (2002): 87–120.
Curry, Susan J. “Hazing and the ‘Rush’ toward Reform.” Journal of College and University Law 16 (1989): 93–114.
Dall, Jane A. “Determining Duty in Collegiate Tort Litigation.” Journal of College and University Law 29 (2003): 485–515.
Davis, Kimberly Rogers, Akeya Simeon, and Emily Anne Pride Sutton. “Assessing Hazing Prevention Programs for Learning.” New Directions for Student Services 2024, no. 187 (2024): 117–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20531.
DeWitt, Douglas M., and Lori J. DeWitt. “A Case of High School Hazing: Applying Restorative Justice.” NASSP Bulletin 96, no. 3 (2012): 228–45.
Dixon, Melissa. “Hazing in High Schools: Ending the Hidden Tradition.” Journal of Law and Education 30 (2001): 357–80.
Doty, David S. “Enough Is Enough: The Legal Responsibility of Schools to Prohibit Hazing.” West’s Education Law Reporter 134 (1999): 423–40.
Drout, Cheryl E., and Christie L. Corsoro. “Attitudes toward Fraternity Hazing.” Social Behavior and Personality 31, no. 6 (2003): 535–48.
Duncan, Susan H. “College Bullies—Precursors to Campus Violence.” Villanova Law Review 55 (2010): 269–305.
Edelman, Marc. “Addressing the High School Hazing Problem.” Pace Law Review 25 (2004): 15–42.
Edelman, Marc. “How to Prevent High School Hazing.” North Dakota Law Review 81 (2005): 309–52.
Essex, Nathan L. “Hazing in Public Schools.” Clearing House 87, no. 6 (2014): 236–41.
Friedlander, William S. “Fight Hazing in Court.” Trial 50, no. 9 (2014): 22–28.
Gershel, Jeffrey C., et al. “Hazing of Suburban Middle School and High School Athletes.” Journal of Adolescent Health 32, no. 5 (2003): 333–40.
Govan, Dara Aquila. “Hazing Out the Membership Intake Process.” Rutgers Law Review 53 (2001): 679–715.
Groves, Mark, Gerald Griggs, and Kathryn Leflay. “Hazing and Initiation Ceremonies in University Sport.” Sport in Society 15, no. 1 (2012): 117–32.
Hollmann, Barbara B. “Hazing: Hidden Campus Crime.” New Directions for Student Services 99 (2002): 11–20.
Hoover, John, and Carole Milner. “Are Hazing and Bullying Related to Love and Belongingness?” Reclaiming Children and Youth 7, no. 3 (1998): 138–42.
Houseman, Michael. “Is This Play? Hazing in French Preparatory Schools.” European Journal of Anthropology 37 (2001): 39–54.
Johnson, Jay Anthony. “Across the Threshold.” Canadian Journal of Sociology 36, no. 3 (2011): 199–223.
Joyce, Brian, Jason L. Meriwether, and Emily Perlow. “Motivations for Hazing in Collegiate Settings: Employing Situational Strength to Identify, Disrupt, and Construct.” New Directions for Student Services 2024, no. 187 (2024): 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20526.
Kang, Jay Caspian. “What a Fraternity Hazing Death Revealed About the Painful Search for an Asian-American Identity.” New York Times Magazine, August 9, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/09/magazine/what-a-fraternity-hazing-death-revealed-about-the-painful-search-for-an-asian-american-identity.html.
Kirby, Sandra L., and Glen Wintrup. “Running the Gauntlet.” Journal of Sexual Aggression 8, no. 2 (2002): 49–68.
Kowalski, Christopher, and Jennifer Waldron. “Looking the Other Way.” International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching 5, no. 1 (2010): 87–102.
Kuzmich, Michael John James. “In Vino Mortuus.” McGeorge Law Review 31 (2000): 1087–1115.
Larueze, Brigitte. “Girls’ Status and Feminine Representation in Hazing Rituals.” Sociétés Contemporaines 21 (1995): 75–90.
Lewis, Darryll M. Halcomb. “The Criminalization of Fraternity Hazing.” Mississippi Law Journal 61 (1991): 111–40.
MacLachlan, Jenna. “Dangerous Traditions.” Journal of College and University Law 26 (2000): 511–48.
Marks, Beth A. “Jumping through Hoops.” Journal of Nursing Education 39, no. 5 (2000): 205–12.
Mathers, Jennifer G. “Dedovshchina in the Post-Soviet Military.” Slavic Review 66, no. 3 (2007): 581–606.
McCready, Adam M., J. Patrick Biddix, Emily Feuer, and B. Elliot Hopkins. “Identifying College Hazing Precursors and Related Behaviors in Secondary School Settings.” New Directions for Student Services 2024, no. 187 (2024): 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20525.
McMullen, Judith G. “Addressing Abusive Conduct in Youth Sports.” Marquette Sports Law Review 25 (2014): 181–210.
Mechling, Jay. “Paddling and the Repression of the Feminine.” Thymos 2, no. 1 (2008): 60–78.
Montague, David R., et al. “Hazing Typologies.” Victims & Offenders 3, nos. 2–3 (2008): 258–75.
Mumford, Kerri. “Who Is Responsible for Fraternity-Related Injuries?” Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 17 (2001): 737–70.
New Directions for Student Services. Vol. 2024, no. 187 (2024). Special issue, Understanding and Addressing Hazing: Contextual Perspectives, Prevention Strategies, and Case Studies. Wiley. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15360695/2024/2024/187.
Østvik, Kristina, and Floyd Rudmin. “Bullying and Hazing among Norwegian Army Soldiers.” Military Psychology 13, no. 1 (2001): 17–34.
Parks, Gregory S., and E. Bahati Mutisya. “Hazing, Black Sororities, and Organizational Dynamics.” Race, Racism and the Law, June 11, 2019. https://racism.org/articles/basic-needs/education/46-education-higher-education/2939-hazing-black-sororities.
Parks, Gregory S., and Tiffany F. Southerland. “The Psychology and Law of Hazing Consent.” Marquette Law Review 97 (2013): 1–52.
Parks, Gregory S., and Wendy Marie Laybourn. “Asian American Fraternity Hazing: An Analysis of Community-Level Factors.” Asian Pacific American Law Journal 22, no. 1 (2017): 29–56. https://doi.org/10.5070/P3221036573.
Rutledge, Gregory E. “Hell Night Hath No Fury like a Pledge Scorned.” Journal of College and University Law 25 (1998): 361–402.
Sasso, Pietro A., Brian Joyce, and Stevan J. Veldkamp. “Addressing Hazing Using a Horizontal Campus Hazing Model and Matrix.” New Directions for Student Services 2024, no. 187 (2024): 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20529.
Sasso, Pietro A., Susan Bruce, Lori Hart, and Kayle J. Davis. “Contemporary Hazing Prevention Initiatives and Efforts.” Social Science Quarterly (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20528.
Veldkamp, Stevan J., Jenny Walker, William Cangialosi, and Benjamin Batey. “Analyzing Hazing Intervention and Prevention Responses through Case Studies.” New Directions for Student Services 2024, no. 187 (2024): 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20530.
Waldron, Jennifer J. “A Social Norms Approach to Hazing Prevention Workshops.” Journal of Sport Psychology in Action 3, no. 1 (2012): 12–23.
Theses and Dissertations
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Abdulrehman, Rehman Yusuf. The Cycle of Abuse in Sport Hazing: Is It Simply a Case of Boys Being Boys? PhD diss., University of Manitoba, 2007.
Arnold, William E., Jr. A Comparison of Hazing Attitudes in Student Affairs Professionals at Select Historically Black Institutions of Higher Education in Tennessee. Master’s thesis, Tennessee State University, 2005.
Bittinger, Joshua. Social Bonds as Predictors of College Student Willingness to Report Hazing. Master’s thesis, University of Maryland, 2014.
Briggs, Jerryl. The Lost Art of Pledging within NPHC Fraternities. Master’s thesis, College of William and Mary, 2010.
Cimino, Aldo. Hazing as a Manifestation of Evolved Psychology. PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2014.
Johnson, Jay Anthony. The Effectiveness of Orientations as an Alternative to Traditional Hazing Practices. Master’s thesis, University of Toronto, 2007.
McCreary, Gentry R. The Impact of Moral Judgment and Moral Disengagement on Hazing Attitudes and Bystander Behavior in College Males. PhD diss., The University of Alabama, 2012. https://ir.ua.edu/items/212d52ff-5255-4544-b698-432d19a9b856.
Nirh, Jenny L. F. Explanations of College Students for Engaging in Hazing Activities. PhD diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/321596.
Videos and Films
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HAZE. Directed by Pete Schuermann. United States: Watt Imagination! Video, 2008. Documentary film, 81 min. https://gordie.studenthealth.virginia.edu/learn/haze-the-movie.
Apgar, Travis. Travis Apgar Hidden Harm. YouTube video, 13:22. Posted by Travis Apgar, September 24, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vX_9tQdQL3E.
Webpages
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The Piazza Center. “Hazing Prevention Resources.” The Piazza Center, Pennsylvania State University. Accessed January 20, 2026. https://piazzacenter.psu.edu/resources/resources-hazing-prevention/.